ERDENIBAGATUR Borjigidai. (2008). A Re-examination of the Pronunciation of the Khitan Large Script ‘乣’ and Other Related Problems. Altai Hakpo 18: 79-88. The Altaic Society of Korea.

There exist certain records of 乣(糺) in the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, which are related to some of the major events of those three dynasties. In this light, many researchers have paid great attention to this fact and have conducted long discussions regarding the meaning, evolution and pronunciation of 乣 and 乣军. There is also a heated debate about 乣(糺) because the word 乣 is also written as 糺 in the ‘辽史’ – the official Liao History. ‘乣’ did not appear in Chinese historical documents until the Liao dynasty – its first appearance is on a memorial tablet inside the tomb of the Northern Emperor (北大王墓志). Liu Feng Zhu (刘凤翥), Yan Wan Zhang (阎王章) and other Chinese scholars argue that ‘乣’ should be regarded as part of the Khitan Large Script. The pronunciation of the Khitan Large Script ‘乣’ is also connected with the phonetic development of the Altaic languages. The article, considers the Khitan Large Script ‘乣’ as related to the Chinese characters ‘糺’, ‘糾’ and others. Its pronunciation can be inferred to be “tiou” or “diu” and it was introduced into Chinese during the Liao dynasty.

Keywords: Khitan Large Script ‘乣’ pronunciation, Chinese characters，Jurchen Scripts