ZHAO Aping. (2009). Reasons for Endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe Languages. Altai Hakpo 19: 45-56. The Altaic Society of Korea.

Of Tungus‐Manchu group，the Manchu and Hezhe languages have been affirmed endangered in the field of linguistics in China. Today，only elders clustering in some of Manchu and Hezhe villages of Heilongjiang Province can use these two languages. Researches show these two languages have gradually become endangered in the context of inter‐effects of social，psychological and linguistic aspects and the like. Their switch and variation mode have jointly endangered themselves，that is to say，the gradual and sudden changes in their linguistic systems played a joint force. This paper is to explore and analyze reasons for the endangerment of the two languages，and it is of reference to further research universal rules for the endangerment of languages.

Keywords: the Manchu language，the Hezhe language，language endangerment，reasons